Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on or inside the ovaries. While they are quite common and often harmless, some cysts can cause discomfort, complications, or signal underlying health issues. Understanding the symptoms of ovarian cysts is essential for early detection and treatment.
In this article, we’ll explore what ovarian cysts are, their possible causes, and the signs that may indicate their presence.
What Are Ovarian Cysts?
An ovarian cyst is a sac filled with fluid or other tissue that forms on the ovary. Most women will have at least one ovarian cyst during their lifetime, often without even knowing it. These cysts typically form during the menstrual cycle and disappear on their own without causing any harm. In fact, most are benign (non-cancerous) and go unnoticed. However, some types—such as dermoid cysts, cystadenomas, or endometriomas—can grow larger, persist for months, or even cause complications.
When this happens, they may lead to discomfort, pain, or disruption in hormonal balance. In rare cases, cysts can rupture or lead to ovarian torsion, both of which are medical emergencies. That’s why it’s important to be aware of the potential signs and symptoms, especially if you experience ongoing pelvic pain, irregular periods, or abdominal bloating. Early detection and appropriate medical evaluation can help prevent more serious issues and ensure proper treatment when necessary.
Common Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts
Many ovarian cysts cause no noticeable symptoms, especially if they are small. But when symptoms do appear, they can vary depending on the size, type, and location of the cyst. Here are the most common signs:
1. Pelvic Pain
- Dull or sharp pain in the lower abdomen, usually on one side
- Pain may come and go or remain constant
- Often felt during ovulation or menstruation
2. Bloating or Abdominal Fullness
- Feeling of heaviness or swelling in the lower abdomen
- Some women describe it as a feeling of pressure or tightness
- May be accompanied by visible abdominal distension
3. Pain During Intercourse (Dyspareunia)
- Pain or discomfort during sexual activity, especially with deep penetration
- Often associated with cysts on the ovaries or endometriomas (a type of cyst related to endometriosis)
4. Changes in Menstrual Cycle
- Irregular periods or missed cycles
- Heavier or lighter than usual bleeding
- Spotting between periods
5. Frequent Urination or Difficulty Emptying the Bladder
- A cyst pressing on the bladder can cause a frequent urge to urinate
- Some women feel like they can’t completely empty their bladder
6. Pain During Bowel Movements
- Pressure from a large cyst can affect the rectum
- May lead to constipation or pain while defecating
Less Common But Concerning Symptoms
In some cases, ovarian cysts can lead to more serious complications such as rupture or ovarian torsion (twisting of the ovary). These require immediate medical attention.
Watch out for:
- Sudden, severe abdominal or pelvic pain
- Fever or vomiting
- Rapid breathing or lightheadedness
- Cold, clammy skin
These may be signs of a ruptured cyst or torsion and are considered medical emergencies.
When to See a Doctor
While occasional pelvic discomfort can be normal, you should consult a doctor if you experience:
- Persistent or worsening pelvic pain
- Irregular menstrual cycles
- Unexplained abdominal bloating
- Pain during intercourse
- Difficulty urinating or having bowel movements
A pelvic exam, ultrasound, or blood tests may be used to evaluate the cyst and rule out other conditions.
What Causes Ovarian Cysts?
Some common causes include:
- Hormonal imbalances (e.g., functional cysts related to ovulation)
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
- Endometriosis
- Pregnancy
- Severe pelvic infections
Final Thoughts
While many ovarian cysts are harmless and go away on their own, others can cause noticeable discomfort or serious health issues if left untreated. Being aware of the signs and symptoms of ovarian cysts allows you to take control of your reproductive health.
If you’re experiencing unusual pelvic pain, irregular periods, or abdominal bloating, don’t ignore it. Talk to your healthcare provider, get the right diagnosis, and ensure timely care. Early detection can help prevent complications and bring peace of mind.
